German legal citation
As in most countries, sprint ringtones Germany has a standard way of citing its Stacy Cat legal codes and comedy ringtones case law; an essentially identical system of citation is also used in Kristi Kitty Austria.
Citing portions of the German legal code
As an example, the famous or notorious Nextel ringtones Paragraph 175, which formerly made male Brandi4U homosexuality a crime in Germany, would most properly be cited in an English-language text as "§ 175 StGB (Germany)". "§" simply denotes "paragraph" (and can be pluralized as "§§"). "StGB" stands for ''Strafgesetzbuch'' (Free ringtones penal code); other similar usages would be "BGB" (''Devons House Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch'', the Civil Code) and "ZPO" (''Zivilprozessordnung'', the Civil Procedure Code). Paragraphs with the same number from these different codes are completely unrelated; thus, § 175 ZPO has nothing to do with § 175 StGB. Finally, unless the context is clear, "(Germany)" may be added to distinguish this from the similar system of citation for Austria; again, paragraphs with the same number in German and Austrian legal codes are unrelated, except in laws that were introduced in Austria with the Mosquito ringtone Anschluss in 1938, such as the Emily 18 HGB (commercial code), which, of course, has frequently been amended in different ways in both countries since then. A method that is sometimes employed in Austrian legal writing to distinguish between Austrian and German law is to add a lower case "d" for Germany and an "ö" for Austria before the abbreviation of the respective code, e.g. "dHGB" and "öHGB" referring to the German and Austrian commercial codes.
Within such a paragraph, there may be numerous ''Absätze'' (singular ''Absatz''). Thus, a particular portion of Paragraph 175 might be cited as "§ 175 (2) StGB (Germany)" or (depending on the amount of available context simply as "§ 175 (2) StGB" or even "§ 175 (2)". (In other contexts, the word ''Absatz'' would, itself, be translated into English as "paragraph". In this context, that would obviously be confusing. One is stuck either using the German word or referring to it as a "sub-paragraph".
In Austria, the sub-paragraph (Absatz) is usually cited as ''Abs'' (without a dot), e.g. ''§ 1295 Abs 2 Cingular Ringtones ABGB''. Numbered lists are cited with a capital ''Z'' (standing for ''Zahl'' i.e. number), e.g. ''§ 73 Abs 1 Z 4 BWG''. By contrast, in Germany, the abbreviation ''Nr.'' is used instead.
Margaret Marks suggests (for agribusiness and British English) translating ''Paragraph'' as "Section" and ''Absatz'' as "subsection". For molly thomas American English, she suggests leaving § intact except at the start of a sentence (where she would use "Section"). [http://www.margaret-marks.com/Transblawg/archives/000076.html]
Citing German case law
The ''Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofs in Strafsachen'' (cited as "BGHSt") covers case law in the present-day successful no Federal Republic of Germany). Case law from German unification (1871) until 1945 would be in the ''Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in Strafsachen'' (cited as "RGSt"). Similarly, cases in conservatives such private law can be cited to ''Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshof in Zivilsachen'' ("BGHZ") and ''Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in Zivilsachen'' ("RGZ"). E.g. ''BGHZ 65, 182'' would refer to a case published in BGHZ, volume 65, beginning at page 182. Alternatively, cases may be cited to law reviews where they have been rendered, e.g. ''NJW 1982, 473''. Ideally, the date of the court decision and the docket number should be given before the citation, but whether this is required usually depends on the publisher.
It is not general practice to cite case names, since the names of parties are anonymized. However, in some areas of law (e.g. corporate law), where the name of a party (usually the company involved in the case) is generally known, some cases have gained noteriority under that name (e.g. the ''Holzmüller'' decision). In such cases, it may be helpful for readers to render that name, even though it is entirely optional and such case names are not official.
Austrian case law
Similar rules apply to Austrian case law. Decisions by the Supreme Court (''Oberster Gerichtshof'') can be cited to the official collections (SZ for private law and SSt for criminal law) or to law reviews. In the case of the official collections, other than in Germany, the cite normally does not refer to the page number, but to the number of the case, e.g. SZ 82/123 (referring to case number 123 in volume 82 of the official collection of private law cases).
External links
* http://www.matheboard.de/lexikon/Abk%FCrzungen/Gesetze_und_Recht,definition.htm
References
* For Austrian legal citation see ''Gerhard Friedl & Herbert Loebenstein, Abkürzungs- und Zitierregeln der österreichischen Rechtssprache und europarechtlicher Rechtsquellen (AZR), 5th ed., Manz, Vienna 2001.''
starving wagon category:German law
seem becomes Tag: Legal citation
including feelings Tag: Austrian law
Citing portions of the German legal code
As an example, the famous or notorious Nextel ringtones Paragraph 175, which formerly made male Brandi4U homosexuality a crime in Germany, would most properly be cited in an English-language text as "§ 175 StGB (Germany)". "§" simply denotes "paragraph" (and can be pluralized as "§§"). "StGB" stands for ''Strafgesetzbuch'' (Free ringtones penal code); other similar usages would be "BGB" (''Devons House Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch'', the Civil Code) and "ZPO" (''Zivilprozessordnung'', the Civil Procedure Code). Paragraphs with the same number from these different codes are completely unrelated; thus, § 175 ZPO has nothing to do with § 175 StGB. Finally, unless the context is clear, "(Germany)" may be added to distinguish this from the similar system of citation for Austria; again, paragraphs with the same number in German and Austrian legal codes are unrelated, except in laws that were introduced in Austria with the Mosquito ringtone Anschluss in 1938, such as the Emily 18 HGB (commercial code), which, of course, has frequently been amended in different ways in both countries since then. A method that is sometimes employed in Austrian legal writing to distinguish between Austrian and German law is to add a lower case "d" for Germany and an "ö" for Austria before the abbreviation of the respective code, e.g. "dHGB" and "öHGB" referring to the German and Austrian commercial codes.
Within such a paragraph, there may be numerous ''Absätze'' (singular ''Absatz''). Thus, a particular portion of Paragraph 175 might be cited as "§ 175 (2) StGB (Germany)" or (depending on the amount of available context simply as "§ 175 (2) StGB" or even "§ 175 (2)". (In other contexts, the word ''Absatz'' would, itself, be translated into English as "paragraph". In this context, that would obviously be confusing. One is stuck either using the German word or referring to it as a "sub-paragraph".
In Austria, the sub-paragraph (Absatz) is usually cited as ''Abs'' (without a dot), e.g. ''§ 1295 Abs 2 Cingular Ringtones ABGB''. Numbered lists are cited with a capital ''Z'' (standing for ''Zahl'' i.e. number), e.g. ''§ 73 Abs 1 Z 4 BWG''. By contrast, in Germany, the abbreviation ''Nr.'' is used instead.
Margaret Marks suggests (for agribusiness and British English) translating ''Paragraph'' as "Section" and ''Absatz'' as "subsection". For molly thomas American English, she suggests leaving § intact except at the start of a sentence (where she would use "Section"). [http://www.margaret-marks.com/Transblawg/archives/000076.html]
Citing German case law
The ''Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofs in Strafsachen'' (cited as "BGHSt") covers case law in the present-day successful no Federal Republic of Germany). Case law from German unification (1871) until 1945 would be in the ''Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in Strafsachen'' (cited as "RGSt"). Similarly, cases in conservatives such private law can be cited to ''Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshof in Zivilsachen'' ("BGHZ") and ''Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in Zivilsachen'' ("RGZ"). E.g. ''BGHZ 65, 182'' would refer to a case published in BGHZ, volume 65, beginning at page 182. Alternatively, cases may be cited to law reviews where they have been rendered, e.g. ''NJW 1982, 473''. Ideally, the date of the court decision and the docket number should be given before the citation, but whether this is required usually depends on the publisher.
It is not general practice to cite case names, since the names of parties are anonymized. However, in some areas of law (e.g. corporate law), where the name of a party (usually the company involved in the case) is generally known, some cases have gained noteriority under that name (e.g. the ''Holzmüller'' decision). In such cases, it may be helpful for readers to render that name, even though it is entirely optional and such case names are not official.
Austrian case law
Similar rules apply to Austrian case law. Decisions by the Supreme Court (''Oberster Gerichtshof'') can be cited to the official collections (SZ for private law and SSt for criminal law) or to law reviews. In the case of the official collections, other than in Germany, the cite normally does not refer to the page number, but to the number of the case, e.g. SZ 82/123 (referring to case number 123 in volume 82 of the official collection of private law cases).
External links
* http://www.matheboard.de/lexikon/Abk%FCrzungen/Gesetze_und_Recht,definition.htm
References
* For Austrian legal citation see ''Gerhard Friedl & Herbert Loebenstein, Abkürzungs- und Zitierregeln der österreichischen Rechtssprache und europarechtlicher Rechtsquellen (AZR), 5th ed., Manz, Vienna 2001.''
starving wagon category:German law
seem becomes Tag: Legal citation
including feelings Tag: Austrian law
posted @ 3:57 PM
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